Traffic Control Devices – Intermittent disruption of traffic flow by control devices such as railroad grade crossings and poorly timed signals also contribute to congestion and travel time variability.Special events occasionally cause "surges" in traffic demand that overwhelm the system. Special Events – Are a special case of demand fluctuations where traffic flow in the vicinity of the event will be radically different from "typical" patterns.Varying demand volumes superimposed on a system with fixed capacity also results in variable (i.e., unreliable) travel times, even without any Category 1 events occurring. Fluctuations in Normal Traffic – Day-to-day variability in demand leads to some days with higher traffic volumes than others.Wet, snowy, or icy roadway surface conditions will also lead to the same effect even after precipitation has ended. Due to reduced visibility, drivers will usually lower their speeds and increase their headways when precipitation, bright sunlight on the horizon, fog, or smoke are present.
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